Glossary
B: inside speakers
A: outisde speakers
C: speech
Mere: Is a syntcategorematic expression: it lacks
both sense and reference; is not quantifiable, and does not function as subject
or predicate in falsifiable assertions. It is used to inform about attitudes,
not facts.
Objectivity: It refers to the connection between the
outside speakers, inside speakers and the speech.
Subjective: The connection is only between inside
speakers and speech, excluding the outside speakers.
Mentalism: It assumes that there are factors in mental
operations inside speakers exempt from physical laws in the empirical realm
outside speakers. However inside speaker was affected by outside speaker, this
precluded physical determination of inherited language conventions speech by
the physical constitution of outside speakers. It opposes: wholes or parts to
material and formal principles, mind to brain, functions of the mind to triggering
of the nervous system, understanding to experiencing, deciding to reacting,
preferring to being reinforced, speaking to uttering, heroism or insanity to
environmental conditioning.
It is being as dualistic because it
recognizes two kinds (mental and material) of data, experience, perception,
insight, causality, evidence, explanation, study goals and methods of study.
Mechanism: Takes it for granted that there is a casual continuity from
outside speakers, through inside speakers to speech.
Behaviorism: It offered and objective approach. It
assumed the fundamental identity of physically determined speech-behavior with
any other kind of nonlinguistic outside speakers-behavior. But it was conceded
that while all inside speakers-behavior is the immediate consequence of outside
speakers´ factors, speech-behavior is mediate.
Behaviorism is monistic because it admits
only a single kind of data, erroneously distinguished by mentalists into
experience, insight, perception, causality, evidence, explanation, study goal
and method of study.
Language:
The totality of mutually
effective substitute responses.
Utterance:
An act of speech.
Speech-Community: It refers to any community which speaks
the same language
Language: The total of utterances that can be made in
a speech- community.
Same:
It refers to what is alike.
Forms: The vocal features common to same or partly
same utterances.
Meanings:
The corresponding
stimulus-reaction- features.
Morpheme: The minimum form.
Sememe: The meaning of the morpheme.
Free:
A form which may be an
utterance.
Bound: A form which is not free.
Word: A form which has more than one morpheme.
Phrase: A
non-minimum free form.
Formative: A bound form which is part of a word.
Phoneme:
A minimum same of vocal
feature.
Homonyms: Different forms which are alike as to
phonemes.
Constructional
meaning: the corresponding
stimulus- reaction features.
Morphologic
construction: The
construction of formatives in a word.
Syntactic
construction: The
construction of free forms in a phase.
Sentence:
a maximum construction in
any utterance.
Functional
meaning: the meaning of a
position.
Functions: positions in which a form occurs.
Form-class: All forms having the same functions.
Class-
meaning: the functional
meaning in which the forms of a form-class appear.
Categories:
the functional meanings and
class-meanings of a language.
Word-class: a form-class of words.
BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES FOR DETERMINING
TRADITIONAL CONCERNS ABOUT LANGUAGE:
Literary
standard: Is accessible
though general or personal educational effort transcends geographic and social
barriers, and is used on occasions described as formal.
Colloquial
standard: Is observed in
situations lacking formal behaviors among observably privileged classes within
a larger speck community.
Provincial
standard: Is observed among those remote geographically
from the formative environments of cultural centers.
Sub-standard
speech behavior: Is found among those who must interact daily
as peers with each other, but only occasionally, and as subordinates to the
privileged: their goals, satisfactions, reinforcement and opportunities differ
markedly from those of standards speakers.
Local
dialect: Is that of an interacting group with which
others have so little contact that dialect speakers are incomprehensible
without considerable attention.
Phonetics:
Is the branch of science
that deals with the sound-production. It provides an objective record of gross
acoustic features, only part of which are distinctive for particular languages,
while phonology or practical phonetics, determines which features are the
distinctive ones.
Acting
as though: An empirical procedure called the minimal pair
test.
Modification:
Presumes some standard from
which a departure is made, and the criteria for establishing the base can vary,
legitimately or inconsistently.
Duration:
The relative length of time
through which the vocal organs are kept in a position.
Stress:
It consists in greater
amplitude of sound waves and is produce by means of more energetic movements,
which can vary in the manner of application, or where increase of loudness sets
in.
Pitch:
Frequency of vibration in
the musical sound of the voice.
Palatalization:
During the production of a
consonant, the tongue and lips take up, as far as compatible with the main
features of the phoneme, the position of a front vowel.
Velarization:
Refers to the process in
which the tongue is retracted as far a back vowel-
Labialized:
When the lips are rounded
during the production of the consonants.
Labiovelarized:
The manner in which the
vocal organs pass from inactivity to the formation of a phoneme, or from the
formation of one phoneme to that of the next, or from the formation of a
phoneme to inactivity.
Reference:
Is the static relation,
dynamic process or action linking speech to outside speakers, mediated by
inside speakers.
Sense:
The state, process or
action within inside speakers, by which speech is related to outside speakers.
Referent:
Is the thing. A bit of
objective outside speakers or subjective inside speakers now regarded as part
of speech.
Denotation
Is reference.
Connotation:
Is a subjective or
socialized relation of the referent for speaker to other referents and
properties.
Meaning
of a linguistic form: The
situation in which the speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth
in the hearer.
Displaced
speech: A speaks of absent
apples to inside speaker who relay´s outside speaker´s message to speech.
Apple:
Lying, irony, jesting,
poetry, narrative fiction and the like.
Language:
Is the expression of ideas,
feelings, or volitions.
Hypostasis:
Is closely related to
quotation, the repetition of a speech, and like onomatopoeia, consists in
deviations from the ordinary tie-up of phonetic form with dictionary meaning,
which still shows considerable complexity.
Synchronic
linguistic description: Proceeds
on the counter-factual assumption of constant and stable forms paired with
meanings within an unchanging speech-community, signaled through linguistic
forms containing a discrete number of combinable phonemic contrasts.
Taxeme:
A simple feature of
grammatical arrangement.
Tagmemes:
Meaningful units of
grammatical form.
Episemes:
The meaning of tagmemes.
Sandhi:
Is the label for features
of modulation and phonetic modification important to many syntactic structures.
Endocentric:
When free forms combining
can be said to produce a resultant phrase, of which the form-class of one
member may be determinative of the phrase´s grammatical behavior.
Exocentric: When
the phrase pr construction does not follow the grammatical behavior of either
constituent.
